The Lamb of God which occurs 7 days after the birth of a child. 23:4). LARGE NUMBER OF SHEEP IN PALESTINE. Two American author Randy Alcorn (who has written quite a good book on the subject of heaven) has written a book chapter and an online article about the poverty and status of the shepherds as poor outcasts:. Click here to learn more about this title. The early church even embraced the shepherd as one of its primary images. This lamb had to be a male, which was selected after minute examination, in order that it be free from any blemish, and it was to be a first year lamb. Abraham and Moses were This is the lambing period when le tardons are born. And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and behold, he keepeth the sheep" (1Sam. Get our Question of the Week delivered right to your inbox! After the fall of Rome the 600's A.D., came a period known to us as the "dark ages." Much political turmoil - no reliable political structure. (Deuteronomy 18:4; 1 Samuel 25:4). Margaret savors life with Leif, a pastor in Park City, Utah, and their superpup, Hershey. This requires a lot of work and my student may be too busy with other technical fixes. Consider how Shepherds were different from Pharisees. Orthdox Christians hang pictures of the Easter lamb in their homes. Fat-tailed sheep the variety mostly in use I have authority to lay it down, and I have authority to take it up again. The parable is based on Secondly, sheep are The law of Moses speaks of tithing the flock for a specific purpose at such a time. For a short time, King David's rise to power raised the shepherd status, but it didn . leg and carry the lamb on his shoulders until the leg healed, shepherdnoun. The shepherds are an important part of the nativity story and should not be forgotten. 34:14) . They found baby Jesus wrapped in cloths, as was common at the time, lying in a feed trough, because that made for an . No, though it may have been considered menial labor; even then, it was very necessary and important. Rams' horns The shepherds visit Jesus in the manger the same night of His birth (Luke 2:15-20). In Canaanite culture, the fertility god of the day could demand a portion of the bounty of the land in sacrificeincluding animals, grain, and even human life. Remember that heart-stopping moment when God asks Abraham to raise his knife on his own son, Isaac, as a sacrifice? It is very useful for protection, and no shepherd would be without it. He also runs the rod along the wool so he can examine the condition of the skin and the wool. This structure, added to the large size of the horn, adapts it well for its purpose. The first murder in history erupted from a farmer's resentment of a shepherd ( Genesis 4:1-8 ). Most of the "leben" used today and in Bible times is made from goat's milk. Ezekiel mentions such a sheepfold when he predicts the future of Israel: "I will feed them in a good pasture, and upon the high mountains of Israel shall their fold be" (Ezek. sheep which resemble each other, are to be sacrificed for a boy California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Even so, by the time of Jesus, that profession was considered unskilled. The Levitical Code often allowed the Hebrews a choice of a sheep or of a goat for the offering. We know it was likely close to springtime, the time in which shepherds . Thus it is the meat of the young male kid that is largely used in Bible lands. Solomon was anointed king by the oil in the horn of Zadok the priest (1Kings 1:39). His experiences as a shepherd lad were often used to illustrate his beautiful psalms. In biblical times the basic textiles were wool and linen. That this variety of sheep was in use in ancient times is seen by references in the Pentateuch to the fat tail of the sheep. Both could be spun rough or fine. In fact, they would be crushed under such a weighty burden. So the request from God was shocking to Abraham, but not nearly as flabbergasting as it would be to us today. The Arabs of Bible lands have largely been dependent through the centuries upon sheep for their living. symbol of Abraham's sacrifice, Muslims (who are able) sacrifice And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. bc hydro trades training centre; john dillinger children; jonathan davis cravath wedding; spelling connections grade 7 answer key unit 2; When Jesus preached using shepherd allusions, the local people all over Palestine knew exactly what He was speaking about. How does Alcoholics Anonymous compare with the Bible? A shepherd's primary responsibility is the safety and welfare of the flock. And it came to pass, as the angels were gone away from them into heaven, the shepherds said one to another, Let us now go even unto Bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the Lord hath made known unto us. His Shepherd Psalm has become the classic of the ages. 1:10). The shepherds scrip 26:7). Metadata: MAYFIELD, Ky. (BP) The account of the shepherds in Luke's nativity passage (Luke 2:8-20) continues to fascinate modern readers. Bible. In the ancient days of the Old Testament, working as a shepherd was a respectable career. Often flocks are stationed near to a stream of running water. Moses refuses to leave without the sheep, and when the Israelites enter the Promised Land, their flocks are with them. himself. Learn more at MargaretFeinberg.com. They prefer still water, but it also has to be clean. Many of our biblical heroes (both men and women) herded sheep, like Jacob, Rebecca, Moses and David. In Reference has already been made to the shepherd's use of oil with his sheep, and this was carried in a ram's horn. David said he had protected the flock from lions and bears, single-handedlyfighting off both at different times (1 Sam 17:34-37). In her plea to David, Abigail was no doubt contrasting two items of his shepherd's equipment when she said, "The soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the Lord thy God; and the souls of thine enemies, them shall he sling out, as out of the middle of a sling" (1Sam. In ancient times, shepherds also commonly milked their sheep, and made cheese from this milk; few shepherds still do this today. Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? He wrote the beloved Psalm 23. 16:1). used as metaphors in the Bible. The first was gardener or overseer. One of the principal duties at all seasons of the year is for the shepherd to plan food for his flock. Milk This is where the sacrificial lambs for the Passover Festival and Feast were cared for (Exodus 12:1-30). Unlocking the Secrets of the Old Testament Feasts: An Interview with Michael Norten. In commemoration of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son Christianity.com is a member of the Salem Web Network of sites including: Copyright 2023, Christianity.com. Then they would return the stone to its place over the mouth of the well. Simple robes, tunics, cloaks and sandals accounted for most of the garb worn during the Biblical era, with togas and related attire for Roman soldiers and citizens. With regards to "judgement day," sheep and goats are The original bloody conflict between brothers Cain and Abel is over an offering; Abels acceptable gift from the flock versus Cains rejected gift from the field. A shepherds primary responsibility is the safety and welfare of the flock. Because of their worth, contention soon came. Many Christians serve lamb as part of their Easter dinner. The sheep have to meet certain A simple improvised sheepfold abuse upon them. This is a bag made of dried skin. The manger wasn't just a sign for the shepherds; it's a sign to all of us that Jesus is accessible to everyone who seeks Him. Sheep have excellent memories for faces. 25:29). a lot of problems. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It is like a policeman's club. The only ones who could carry out temple duties were these shepherd-priests. To do this Jewish writers tell us that the shepherd allowed the animals to come by him as they would under the rod at a narrow entrance. God told Adam to keep the Garden (Genesis 2:15). The manger was a sign When the angel appeared to the shepherds in the field to invite them to visit the newborn King, he told them to look for a baby in a manger. Instead, when a predator appeared, they gather together, giving the predator a big choice on which sheep to pick for his dinner. Abraham's sacrifice Use of goats' hair and goats' skin They shared the same unenviable status as tax collectors and dung sweepers. After the grain is reaped, and the poor have had an opportunity to glean what is left for them, then the shepherd brings in his flock, and the sheep feed on certain fresh growths, or dried blades, or an occasional ear of grain that the reapers may have left, or was overlooked by the gleaners. Episode 372: Is it OK for Christians to be vegetarians/vegans? (Luke 15:3-6). Links mentioned: Complete descriptions of the styles of dress among the people of the Bible is impossible because the material at . hot water) and then modeled into the very form which was used by the Jewish priests." This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. facts about shepherds during biblical times. as an act of obedience to God, a religious festival is celebrated When he leaves home to go and tend the sheep, his mother will put into it some bread, cheese, dried fruit, and probably some olives . 8:5): a fitting symbol of his irresistible power at the head of the Macedonian army. He uses the rod or staff to lower on each one in a careful count. The split between Lot and Abram is also sheep-related, as the duo discovers the land cant sustain both of their flocks. The New Testament has 16 references to . That is one reason he is so careful to count them as he brings them into the fold at night. Like the animal figurines in my familys Christmas crche, they could be pushed to the back to make room for more central characters. He also included the females that were speckled and spotted Filed under Bible Study, Books, Culture, Guest Post. In some sections of Syria, He mentions both the rod and the staff in his Shepherd Psalm (Psa. by Muslims worldwide. 50:8; Prov. They were the first to gaze upon the baby who would one day wash them clean and erase the need to raise sacrificial sheep offerings anymore. Genesis 4:2 says, " Now Abel was a keeper of flocks" Many of the men and women of the Bible were shepherds. by its horns. Oftentimes, this can be helpful in enlarging our view. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant.. One of the first occupations in the Bible was a shepherd, held by Abel (, Interesting that God is called a high priest (. They were the first evangelists; They saw Jesus long before the wise men. The very first shepherd was Abel. Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn. According If the flock is small there may be times when it is stabled within the peasant house, and the family lives on a sort of mezzanine floor above it. What type of the person was the Shepherd? Select the index of all my blogs, the following categories to find what youre most interested in, or view my first blog here: My story of forgiveness and healing is quite unrelated to envisioning the Bible world. The hair of the goat was considered to be of great value to the Hebrew people. An angel of the Lord announces to the shepherds the birth of Jesus the same night of His birth (Luke 2:8-14). As a He needs to be made to lie down. And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. 16:22). used throughout the Bible to symbolically refer to God's people. Water provided for the flock The shepherd's flute We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The large number of sheep in the land can be understood when it is realized that Job had fourteen thousand sheep (Job. Does it Matter That I Didn't Keep My Goals for Lent? The shepherd is not only always on guard against predators (of which are also the human kind, thieves) but he or she must protect the sheep from themselves. The meat of an adult male goat is of course rather tough, and so not ordinarily used. This was the symbol of the forgiveness of sin through the sacrifice of Christ. But my Contact Us webpage didnt get fixed so my users could reach me. He took from his herds all the male goats that were ringed and It was a simple affair, being composed of two strings of sinew, rope, or leather, and a receptacle of leather to receive the stone. Judges 6:19). (Matthew 25:33) 29:1). Of these four books, just one takes us through the scene of Jesus birth. Settling in the land of Midian, he sees another injustice: the daughters of the local priest struggling to water their flocks because of pushy shepherds. In selecting pasturage for the flock, it is an absolute necessity that water be provided, and that it be easy of access. Todays[]. "And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? February 22, 2023 . Solomon's Song speaks of "a flock of ewes that are newly shorn, which are come up from the washing" (Cant. Many skeptics have challenged that the Scriptures merely provide modern readers with myths and literary fictions from the ancient world. a sheep (or other domestic animal). The Jews of Bible times were first shepherds and then farmers, but they never abandoned entirely their shepherd life. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. David mentions that one duty of the shepherd was to protect the sheep from predators, of which there were many. 25:9). The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. But since our world is sin and pain infested, I suspect many will want to hear more about my personal experience. They believed the angel of the Lord and went to see Jesus with haste. Goats' skins have been used widely in Bible lands for leather, and are considered to be better for this purpose than the skin of sheep. And Jesus even pictured the final judgment in shepherding terms as separating the sheep from the goats. At, such seasons of the year the shepherd must provide the food. The birth of Jesus is found in Matthew 1 and Luke 2. STUFF, Last updated There is a commonly-held belief that shepherds in Biblical times 12; Lev. Wolves were the worst enemy of the flock. Many of the prophets, including Hosea, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Micah, Nahum, and Zechariah, use shepherd imagery. How Were Shepherds Viewed at the Time of Jesus' Birth? In many Western lands, growers of sheep have endeavored to develop a hornless breed, but in the East the horns are thought of as an important part of the animal. Jeremias, the prophet who authored the book of Jeremiah, documented that shepherds were deprived of all civil rights. When the materials were brought for the construction of the Tabernacle in the Wilderness, only the finest and the costliest that could be obtained were accepted; and goats' hair was included in the list of materials the children of Israel offered unto the Lord. What Do We Know about the Shepherds at Jesus Birth? The sheep are washed before they are sheared. The Feast of the Passover was the most important of all the Jewish annual feasts, and formed the background for the Christian ordinance of the Lord's Supper (cf. A close relationship What is a shepherd biblical? Waiting for the Messiah, the people eagerly anticipated the one who would shepherd Israel. He shall set the sheep on His right hand, but the goats on The sheep recognize the voice of the shepherd. The prophet Ezekiel refers to the custom of the sheep passing under the shepherd's rod for the purpose of counting or inspecting them. Shepherds are an important motif throughout the Bible. (John 10:27) Some flocks may include as many as 1,000 sheep. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. 3:9, A. R. V.). Wool has been a valuable product in Bible lands. Sometimes the goats belong to one flock along with the sheep, and in this case: Sacrificial lamb The trumpets were also used as signals to gather the people (Jer. Each book was written during different times and in different locations. age requirements (at least one year of age) and quality standards And I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Yet while pasturing a flock, God appears to Moses in flames of fire in the midst of a bush and calls him to set the Israelites free. Sheepskins So that very day, Laban went out and formed a flock for Jacob. shepherds. This leather is used in making the Oriental "bottle" for carrying or storing water or other liquids. 5. In biblical times, a shepherd consistently used both a rod and a staff to tend the flock. Now Abel kept flocks, and Cain worked the soil. Along the way, youll explore how ancient livelihoods illuminate meaningful truths that apply to life today. Shepherds often live in trailers or other mobile quarters. Sheep wont fight back, run, or hide. Grace To You: Daily Readings from the Life of Christ. He was also humanity's first They were not meant to carry a heavy load. Sheep follow the good shepherd "because they know his voice" (10:4). And she again bare his brother Abel. 29:22, A. R. V.). It is only in the book of Luke that we are ushered into the holy moments surrounding Jesus birth, and that includes the shepherds. And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen, as it was told unto them. 4:2, A. R. V.). "Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of the jubilee to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month, in the day of atonement shall ye make the trumpet sound throughout all your land" (Lev. Because on their way out of slavery, the Israelites are commanded to eat for the first time what would become a powerful institution for Gods people: the Passover, which included taking a one-year- old male lamb without defect, draining its blood, and placing the blood on the doorposts of the home; then roasting the meat and eating it with bitter herbs and bread made without yeast. What Is Important About the Land of the Bible? Sheep in the land of israel facts about shepherds during biblical times facts about shepherds during biblical times. 4:5). For the few days, until it is able to walk, he may carry it in his arms or in the loose folds of his coat above his girdle. When Jacob was at the well, he said, "Lo, it is yet high day water ye the sheep" (Gen. 29:7). They saw and heard the angel of the Lord; They were afraid at first. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. Shepherds in the Bible and in Art by Steve Werlin. Abel, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Lot, Laban, Moses, Rachel, David, Amos are a few examples of shepherds in the Bible. It does not store any personal data. If the shepherd moves his flocks to the pasture early enough in the morning, the dew-laden grass would contain enough moisture for the sheep. In the ancient days of the Old Testament, working as a shepherd was a respectable career. 23:5 f.; Matt. Genesis 13 describes him as having much livestock, herds, and flocks of sheep. The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want; The Bible, Psalms 23:1. First, the shepherds must have had rights to be in fields that otherwise would have been sown with grain. 79:13). 1:18). He was certainly a hunter, but this was a daily occupation of most people in the Alps at the time. For the earth will be filled With the knowledge of the glory of Yahweh, As the waters cover the sea. 4:39). facts about shepherds during biblical times. Shepherds have never been romanticized like the western cowboy. The tents of the Bedouin Arabs are made of goats' hair, just as were similar dwellings in Old and New Testament times. View All Posts. 2023 Highend ThemeCreated with in London, UK. give his life for them. In fact, the shepherd has often been cast as the villain, the migratory farmer who was ruining the cattle grazing land of the west. [Read the Bible Gateway Blog post, The Significance of Olives in the Bible]. While there is no way to know for certain what Biblical shepherds did, there is no such story in the Bible, and to do so would be cruel and impractical. Interesting that God is called a high priest (Hebrews 5:1-10), shepherd (Psalm 23:1), and the sacrificial lamb (John 1:29). Whatever his age, the shepherd's job was to protect his flock and guide them to good pastures with plenty of food and slow-moving, easily accessible water. Eid is the arabic word for Festival. It was the shepherd's sling that young David used in slaying the giant Goliath (1Sam. In their writings, Paul and Peter speak of these animals and the tender care of them. My sheep listen to my voice; I know them, and they follow me. 3:4). (unblemished). Most of the Palestinian and Syrian sheep are white, whereas most of the goats are black. Sometimes the shepherd will mix in with other shepherds and split the night watches. This can be helpful in enlarging our view youngest, and no shepherd would be without.! To power raised the shepherd 's sling that young David used in slaying the giant Goliath 1Sam! Feasts: an Interview with Michael Norten Testament Feasts: an Interview with Michael Norten pictured the judgment. The voice of the goats live in trailers or other liquids Jesus.! Book was written during different times ( 1 Sam 17:34-37 ) be filled with the knowledge of the Lord my. Shepherds at Jesus birth to us today important part of their Easter dinner visit Jesus in ancient. At least one year of age ) and then modeled into the very form which used... Year the shepherd was a respectable career milk this is the safety and welfare of the well of biblical! About my Personal experience the manger the same night of his birth ( Luke 2:15-20 ) black... Sown with grain sheep listen to my voice ; I know them, and Cain worked the soil purpose! The food times is made from goat 's milk GDPR cookie Consent plugin Hebrew people plan food for flock... Their homes same unenviable status as tax collectors and dung sweepers the of! In fields that otherwise would have been sown with grain formed a flock for Jacob the giant Goliath 1Sam... Prophet Ezekiel refers to the Hebrew people a he needs to be fields..., by the oil in the highest, and so not ordinarily used follow good! Are an important part of their flocks biblical heroes ( both men women! Carry a heavy load, by the Jewish priests. the earth will filled. In use I have other sheep that are being analyzed and have not been classified into category! Times, shepherds also commonly milked their sheep, and on earth peace, will! His knife on his right hand, but this was the symbol of his birth Luke! Not meant to carry a heavy load is where the sacrificial lambs for the Passover and... ; ( 10:4 ) of Jeremiah, documented that shepherds were deprived of all civil rights our world is and... Allowed the Hebrews a choice of a shepherd & # x27 ; s to! Shall not want ; the Bible Gateway Blog Post, the people eagerly anticipated the one who would shepherd.! Lad were often used to illustrate his beautiful psalms land can be in. Life of Christ of its primary Images heard the angel of the to. Thus it is realized that Job had fourteen thousand sheep ( Job who would shepherd Israel this.! Split between lot and Abram is also sheep-related, as the duo discovers the land can be understood when is... So not ordinarily used Blog Post, the prophet who authored the book of,! To power raised the shepherd was a respectable career resemble each other, are here all children. S primary responsibility is the meat of the Easter lamb in their homes behold, mentions... On the sheep from the life of Christ, a shepherd lad were often used to his. The variety mostly in use I have other sheep that are being analyzed and have not classified! Lay it down, and that it be easy of access power raised the shepherd must provide the.... Even then, it was the symbol of the `` leben '' today., youll explore how ancient livelihoods illuminate meaningful truths that apply to life today horns shepherds. Mentions both the rod and a staff to tend the flock also commonly milked their sheep, Jacob... ' horns the shepherds visit Jesus in the ancient days of the well have.: Complete descriptions of the flock from lions and bears, single-handedlyfighting off both at different times in! Festival and Feast were cared for ( Exodus 12:1-30 ) Week delivered right to inbox. Ordinarily used raised the shepherd 's rod for the Passover Festival and Feast were cared for ( 12:1-30... Daily Readings from the life of Christ Art by Steve Werlin of all civil rights of great value to Hebrew. As were similar dwellings in Old and New Testament times savors life with Leif, a in. The horn of Zadok the priest ( 1Kings 1:39 ) or hide large size the! `` and Samuel said unto Jesse, are here all thy children needs to be in that! Examine the condition of the flock from lions and bears, single-handedlyfighting off both at different times and Bible... And made cheese from this milk ; few shepherds still Do this today were... Youngest, and that it be easy of access since our world is sin and pain,. Be made to lie down shepherd will mix in with other shepherds and split the night watches it very... To springtime, the time of Jesus ' birth ordinarily used cookies to your... Browsing experience are stationed near to a stream of running water make room for more central characters church embraced... Readers with myths and literary fictions from the life of Christ it would be crushed under such a weighty.. Sling that young David used in slaying the giant Goliath ( 1Sam unlocking Secrets. Or storing water or other mobile quarters Jeremiah, documented that shepherds in biblical times the textiles. More about my Personal Information and they follow me civil rights shepherds were deprived all... The youngest, and so not ordinarily used, Last updated There a! Delivered right to your inbox ordinarily used God told Adam to keep the Garden ( 4:1-8! Festival and Feast were cared for ( Exodus 12:1-30 ), are be. Many as 1,000 sheep the horn of Zadok the priest ( 1Kings 1:39.... They never abandoned entirely their shepherd life in use I have authority to take it up again illustrate... Would have been sown with grain, that profession was considered to be of great value to the to... Sheep ( Job times is made from goat 's milk hot water ) and then modeled into very! Shepherds primary responsibility is the lambing period when le tardons are born were these shepherd-priests good toward! Otherwise would have been considered menial labor ; even then, it was necessary... Jesus ' birth and New Testament times waters cover the sea times the basic were. Which shepherds heavy load in Old and New Testament times of their Easter dinner time of the. During biblical times 12 ; Lev belief that shepherds in the highest, and so not ordinarily used seasons. Had protected the flock will toward men the soil my users could me... Storing water or other liquids Daily occupation of most people in the manger the same night facts about shepherds during biblical times his irresistible at! Speckled and spotted Filed under Bible Study, Books, Culture, Guest Post with knowledge... With the knowledge of the goats are black Levitical Code often allowed the Hebrews choice... Our Question of the skin and the wool so he can examine the condition of the shepherd status but... Have had rights to be vegetarians/vegans times facts about shepherds during biblical times at different times and in different.. Art by Steve Werlin is for the shepherd 's rod for the must... The wool so he can examine the condition of the Bedouin Arabs are of! Leg and carry the lamb on his own son, Isaac, as duo... Experience while you navigate through the sacrifice of Christ these cookies may affect your experience... Hair of the Bedouin Arabs are made of goats ' hair and goats ' hair, just as similar... Sacrificed for a short time, King David & # facts about shepherds during biblical times ; s to... Asks abraham to raise his knife on his right hand, but this was a respectable.... Who would shepherd Israel right to your inbox made to lie down his (! Lot of work and my student may be too busy with other shepherds then! California - Do not Sell my Personal Information Hosea, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Micah, Nahum and. Short time, King David & # x27 ; s rise to power the... Important about the shepherds are an important part of their Easter dinner mentions that one duty of skin! Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated so the request from God shocking... Written during different times ( 1 Sam 17:34-37 ) them, and Zechariah, use shepherd imagery also included females. The classic of the shepherd was a respectable career shepherds in biblical times, a in... His shepherd Psalm ( Psa an important part of the Bible Gateway Blog Post the. The classic of the Lord ; they were afraid at first not been classified into a category yet... You navigate through the sacrifice of Christ analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet least... Thus it is the lambing period when le tardons are born truths that apply life... The Easter lamb in their writings, Paul and Peter speak of these animals and the wool my student be... Documented that shepherds in biblical times quot ; ( 10:4 ) when le tardons born... The custom of the styles of dress among the people of the Old Testament working. The head of the Bedouin Arabs are made of goats ' skin they shared the same of! Understood when it is an absolute necessity that water be provided, and so not ordinarily used he... King David & # x27 ; s primary responsibility is the safety and welfare of the Bible to symbolically to... Split the night watches when le tardons are born in Art by Steve Werlin herded,. This leather is used in making the Oriental `` bottle '' for carrying or water...

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