This ocean stretches around the world at southern latitudes, where it circumnavigates Antarctica. The visible mantle tissue is responsible for its colourful appearance, and it harbours large populations of single-celled photosynthetic algae or zooxanthellae. ~ Peet J. van Eeden. But there is: underwater. When ships were powered by sails, the seasonally alternating Indian Ocean monsoon winds allowed for efficient sea voyages up and down the coast. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India. . Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda[65] and Karagwe[65] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. From the 1840s, cameras traced the international migrations of traders, sailors, sons, and daughters through Indian Ocean ports, continuing trade that dates back over five millennia. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 C (77 F) and minima of 15 C (59 F) at an altitude of 1,500 . 110. While Madagascar is dominant, there are several smaller islands. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. Go next. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 1. Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. The continent is almost centered over the equator stretching from the consistently warm waters of the Mediterranean in the north right down to the frigid South Atlantic in the south. (1999). 10. Map 9.9. A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. The coast of East Africa stretches 4,600km from southern Somalia to the Natal shores of South Africa. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. The coastline of South Africa, stretching 1,740 miles (2,800 kilometers) From Mozambique to Namibia, is presided over by two great oceanic systems: a powerful current on one side of the continent . eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. On the east coast of Africaat the western edge of the Indian Oceanlies a narrow strip of land that has hosted travelers for thousands of years. A windswept and beautiful coast is the face that South Africa presents to the world - at turns tempestuous and tamed, stormy and sublime. The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Eastern Africa, 16001800 A.D. Humanities LibreTexts - East Africa and the Horn of Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - East Africa, Ugandan lawmaker introduces new anti-LGBTQ legislation, French court to rule on TotalEnergies' east Africa projects, Jill Biden sees East Africa drought up close, seeks more aid, Kenya labor court rules that Facebook can be sued. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This particular shark was cruising with the outgoing current towards the lagoon entrance as a storm front darkened the sky on the horizon. The Kiunga Marine National Reserve in Kenya supports the world's largest breeding colony of roseate terns. We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. Networking & debating APP subscribers only, TRUSTED CONSERVATION PROJECTS Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. Between the two rift valleys lies a plateau that comprises most of Uganda and western Tanzania and includes Lake Victoria. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. This current is generated because of upwelling of cold water near the west coast of Africa. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. WWF continues to support law enforcement and promote awareness of illegal wildlife trade. Casson, Lionel (1989). Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. A team of researchers . Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. The Agulhas Current(/ls/) is the western boundary currentof the southwest Indian Ocean. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. East African coastal cities participated in a larger Afro-Asian trade network a thousand years before Vasco Da Gama peeked around the Cape of Good Hope to find the way to sail to India. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum. The British Museum. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. Wildlife need corridors to move safely and easily between protected areas. Please select which sections you would like to print: Smuts Professor of Commonwealth History, University of Cambridge. Updates? It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. The east coast of Africa holds a bounty of life that rivals the land. Author of. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he set sail from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. This . Just off the coast of Kenya, it's a peaceful island, free of cars and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa: Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa: Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. The health of stocks is wavering, particularly for tunas such as yellowfin and bigeye. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenyaa seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coastthe Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions. (RSA) +27 (87) 551-8105 Corrections? A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). KEN MORIYASU, Nikkei Asia chief desk editor June 30, 2021 03:53 JST. A senior U.S. Navy officer says that his service no longer considers the East Coast of the United States as an "uncontested" area or an automatic "safe haven" for its ships and submarines. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. Omissions? Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt. The Indian ocean lies to the east of Africa, Wiki User. In Tanzania, WWF works with partners to help improve lives and protect wildlife through the creation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)communal lands where local communities participate in the management of wildlife and resources. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of 2017). From the base, several columns stretched up high into the water column. Learn the historical significance of the Kingdom of Axum and how other . Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? app@africageographic.com Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. 2425. It consists of 18 countries and 2 dependencies. El Nino events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods. Some are sovereign nations in their own right, while others are little-known secrets that harbor fantastic cultural and natural treasures. 2010-10-06 07:36:31. The second largest population of savanna elephants in Africa roam across this region in search of food and freshwater. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. In fact, a 2015 study published in Geophysical Research Letters showed that by closely watching these tropical disturbances off the coast of western Africa, researchers . There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. It spans two oceans as it winds its way down the Atlantic seaboard in the west and up into the warmer Indian Ocean waters to the east. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. A whale shark swims with a diver off the coast of East Africa. For example, men from local villages are now employed as game scouts, patrolling for poachers over hundreds of miles, often on foot. Drink. WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. A dense concentration of box jellyfish in the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Town, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Semi-finalist), In 2016, I published a photo of an unusual and yet to be described behaviour displayed by box jellyfish. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. They sailed there with the northeast monsoon, returning home in the summer with the southwest. June 25, 2020. The East African coast and the Western Indian Ocean are regions of global historical signi cance. WWF has worked with local communities to replant and restore degraded mangrove forests in Tanzania and Mozambique, enhancing the resilience of these habitats to climate change. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 7 Days in Entebbe, The Last King of Scotland, Out of Africa, Queen of Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Hotel Rwanda, The Good Lie, and Captain Phillips are a few of the critically acclaimed movies. Coverage of the regions physical and human geography can be found in the article Africa. Local communities play a critical role in management and patrolling of the area, and have established sanctuaries (no-fishing zones) that allow for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and corals. The major difference between conservation of the animals on the land and that of the sea is that 30 million people rely on the coastal reef ecosystems to subsist and sustain their livelihoods. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. Some of the island's historical buildings could be seen from the ocean, especially the House of . 12. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). [72] In the video games Halo 2 and Halo 3, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns.[73]. WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. Experts say it is time . Please click on this logo for more information. East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Various bodies of water surround Africa the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and in these waters, you will find an array of dazzling lifeforms, from the smallest nudibranch to the impressive schools of fish that move through the water like a flock of red-billed queleas on the African plains. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. We work with farmers to adopt practices that conserve resources and use less space, ensuring forest remains intact for wildlife. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. Trade, which seems to have been by barter, was considerable, with the main export probably of ivory. Born out of wedlock . Established 1991, BEST SAFARI PRICES [51] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. This has led to major pollution and overfishing. To comment on this story: Download our app here - it's a troll-free safe place . Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. A green turtle swims in the blue waters at Marsa Abu Dabbab in the Red Sea, Egypt Cristian Umili (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), ? Oxford: University Press. At the same time, inland areas were restored, enabling mangroves to adapt to sea level rise. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Indian Ocean trade was conducted through the barter system but later coins were used as a medium of exchange. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. Such local participation and management will help ensure protection of the lakes vital resources for future generations. Reports show that eight million tons of plastic enter the oceans every year. History buffs should spend some time in Lamu Town, which is full of old Swahili architecture, with buildings made of mangrove timber and coral stone, and huge, carved wooden doors. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. This article covers the history of the area from ancient times through the 20th century. Due to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term East Africa is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Once implemented, the law will save the lives of up to 5,000 marine turtles per year and allow Mozambican fishers to sell their shrimp to the U.S. market. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. Though there is some suggestion that in the 10th century the Muslims had not yet begun to move farther south than Somalia, on Qanbalu they soon became rulers of a pagan population, whose language they adopted. East African Islands Type: territory Description: Islands in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. Make a symbolic African elephant adoption to help save some of the world's most endangered animals from extinction and support WWF's conservation efforts. Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents. We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. Although no houses were being built of coral, stone mosques were being constructed. The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. Africa borders on both the North and South Atlantic, from roughly the location of Cape Town to Gibraltar. . Chami, Felix A. For discussion of the physical and human geography of individual countries in the region and of their late colonial and postcolonial history, see Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. Copy. [2][3][4][5] However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Nio events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. Tanzania and Uganda fought the UgandaTanzania War in 19781979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. Cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the Reserve the second largest population of 102million as of 2016. [ ]... 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